PMC

Schematic representation of the Schwartz Value Theory. SD, Self direction; ST, Stimulation; HE, Hedonism; AC, Achievement; PO, Power; SE, Security; TR, Tradition; CO, Conformity; BE, Benevolence; UN, Universalism.

Pearson correlation coefficients between: participants’ inclination toward academic dishonesty and their personal values (according to the theory by ). Self-direction, Stimulation, Hedonism, Achievement, and Power are considered Personal-Focus values, while Conformity, Tradition, Benevolence, and Universalism are called Social-Focus values. The extended matrix of the correlation values between all variables used in this study is included in the . ^∗p < 0.05; ^∗∗p < 0.01; ^∗∗∗p < 0.001.

MDS two-dimensional projection of 19 centered values based on pooled correlation matrix of 49 equally weighted cultural groups.
Note. SDT = Self-Direction Thought; SDA = Self-Direction Action; ST = Stimulation; HE = Hedonism; AC = Achievement; POD = Power-Dominance; POR = Power-Resources; FAC = Face; SEP = Security-Personal; SES = Security-Societal; TR = Tradition; COR = Conformity-Rules; COI = Conformity-Interpersonal; HUM = Humility; UNN = Universalism-Nature; UNC = Universalism-Concern; UNT = Universalism-Tolerance; BEC = Benevolence-Caring; BED = Benevolence-Dependability. The c following each label indicates that the value is centered.

Illustration of the effect the modifier dimension (Dominance/Amenability) has on the value structure in the general European culture. The illustration corresponds to the hypothetical European culture whereby the dimension of Dominance/Amenability perfectly modifies the core dimension of Preservation/Alteration. The core value profile has been changed into the direction of more stability (Traditionalism, Conformity) and Security with individual satisfaction (Hedonism) and less external influence by Stimulation and general connection (Universalism). The individual motivation is less pronounced (Power, Achievement, Self-direction) and the general helping behavior (Benevolence) has remained virtually unmodified.